File Formats and Audio Compression
Stick to the standards.
There are hundreds of different file formats and compression type available out there, however you should only use few of them – the ones that can be used and read by everybody, on every platform. Whether you have to send a demo to a label, or a track to your mastering engineer, you don’t want that your recipient encounter any problem opening and reading your file.
WAVE
This is probably the most common format used in the industry when high-quality is needed (i.e. at the mastering stage). This format includes the complete audio information we need, with no losses (depending of the settings chosen). The industry standard is 16Bits / 44.1Khz, it is the equivalent of CD or Master quality. Don’t use more, don’t use less. It’s little simplistic but basically that’s it. Using more Bits or more Hertz won’t change anything to the final result and will dramatically increase the size of your file – not ideal to send over internet. If you use less, the signal will be altered and there will be a loss of information that can be heard by human ears (supposing that the source signal is in equal or higher quality of course). To complete the theory when you convert a WAV 24Bits / 192Khz to 16Bits / 44.1Khz the signal is also altered, and we lose lots of audio information. But what we lose is not audible by human ears, neither reproducible by speakers and headphone. So we don’t lose, we optimize!
When using the WAVE format, use the standard 16Bits / 44.1Khz compression. Unless you really know what you are doing and fully understand what are bit depth and sample rate, you don’t need more. It won’t do any good and might cause you LOTS of problems.
MP3
MP3 is now the most commonly used format to send music over internet. There are different ways to compress a MP3, the important parameters are the mode (CBR or VBR), the Bit Rate (64Kbps, 128Kbps…) and the Sample Rate (22Khz, 44.1Khz). CBR stands for Constant Bit Rate while VBR stands for Variable Bit Rate. They are both good but VBR can have compatibility issues with certain players, so it is preferable to avoid it.
The Bit Rate is main compression parameter. What you will choose depend of what you want to do with your files, you can use 64Kbps for low-quality extracts to 320Kbps for high-quality full tracks… It entirely depends on the purpose.
To send a demo I would use 192Kbps, it is from my personal point of view the perfect ratio between audio quality of file size. It is not recommended to send less than 192Kbps because the compression will be heard and it might be difficult to judge the global quality of a track without hearing it properly. It is also not necessary to send higher than 192Kbps because the difference of quality will be difficultly audible, and does not worth the file size increase (which will increase the download time for your recipient).
But for example here at Frozenforce, we send our promos in MP3 320Kbps (CBR 44.1Khz).This is what is recognized as a High Quality format, and some people would never accept to play or broadcast tracks in lower quality.
Finally some softwares will allow you to change the Sample Rate, this is more dangerous than necessary. Be especially careful when encoding at 64Kbps, your software can give you the choice between 22 050Hz and 24 000Hz (or 22Khz and 24Khz). As most of standard audio equipments are configured to work with a 44.1Khz sample rate you need to select something which will be in phase: 22Khz (44 100 / 2 = 22 050).
The choice of the compression (Bit Rate) entirely relies on the purpose of your file, don’t forget to also consider what people want or like. And finally, in order to maximize the compatibility I would recommend to always encode your MP3s in CBR with a 44.1Khz sample rate (or 22Khz for 64Kbps and lower).
Other audio formats – Forget it!
AIFF, OGG, FLAC… There are plenty of very other formats available, but none of them will be as compatible as WAVE and MP3. All of them have some limitations and most of the time does not present any distinct advantage. However, FLAC is very promising, it is a lossless compression format that can considerably reduce the size of a WAVE file without altering its quality. It is becoming more and more popular these last years, but it is still not globally recognized and not standard enough to be considered as SAFE. So it is better to avoid it for now.
Unless you really know what you are doing, forget these formats - you don’t need them!
Documents and Pictures
You often need to send a bio and a picture along with your tracks. Here also you should go for the standards.
For text documents the Microsoft Office .DOC format (also called .DOC Office 97-2003) is probably the best choice. It supports formatting, so it will be better looking than a simple text file and is now globally recognized by all platforms. A huge majority of people will have the Microsoft Office Suite installed on their computer, the others will probably use an open source alternative like Open Office. In both case your .DOC file will be readable without any problem.
However be careful when using Office 2007, it will save your document in .DOCX unless you specify otherwise. This format will not be compatible with earlier version of Microsoft Office and Open Office without a specific patch / update.
The PDF format can also be an interesting alternative for professional-looking documents. Even if Adobe Reader is needed to read this format, it is also widely compatible. Also if you don’t need any formatting or if you just want to leave a quick note with your files for example, you can simply use unformatted Text documents .TXT; it will be even better.
For pictures the best choice is definitely JPEG, it has a good compression / quality ratio and is natively readable by all Operating Systems. When you save your JPEG it is preferable to use a compression between 60 and 80, it will produce good results and optimize the size of your file. But for God sake, never send your picture in Bitmap (BMP)!!! This format is not compressed and the size of your file will be unnecessarily HUGE.
So for your text documents, consider using the Office 97-2003 DOC, PDF, or TXT format - and JPEG for your pictures / images. You should be fine with them.
Archives – The Last Stage
Let’s see, you want to send a demo to an A&R. You compressed your tracks perfectly in MP3 192Kbit, you included your bio in DOC and a picture in JPEG. You did everything just fine, but at the end you compressed all your tracks in a nice tar.gz archive and send it over full of hope! Well it is very probable that you will never get any answer, simply because he never listened to your tracks. What do you think a classic A&R guy on his Windows Vista will do with your Tar archive? Nothing, he will see this strange file with no icon and think it’s a virus!
OMG! A virus!
So remember this, while most of people will be able to open a .rar archive (or any other standard format like tar.gz), some of them won’t. Simply because depending on the platform they have, they probably have to install a particular software to do so. On the other hand the ZIP format is readable natively by Windows, Mac OS and Linux – Everybody can read it.
If you have to send an archive be on a safer side, use the ZIP format. No other, unless you are sure that your recipient know how to use and extract your format.
Summary – The SAFE formats
Always be on a safer side and stick to these formats, you will be pretty sure that everybody can read them. It’s always better to adapt yourself to the industry, instead of expecting the other way around.
MP3 64Kbps - 22Khz
MP3 192 Kbps - 44.1Khz
MP3 320 Kbps - 44.1Khz
WAVE 16Bits / 44.1Khz
TXT (Unformatted Text document)
DOC (Microsoft Office 97-2003 document)
PDF (Adobe Reader document)
JPEG
ZIP
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